2010 Watch Me

Why is it for those who are overweight, losing weight seems to be the hardest thing? Why is it for those who are underweight, gaining weight seems to be as hard? Why is it, after successfully losing or gaining a few pounds of weight, after a few weeks, we are back at our previous weight?

There are many factors for these, including genetics and environment. However, the strongest tendency factor lies in your childhood. Most people knows that excess energy are stored in our body as fat, but many are also are mislead by believing that fats are just stored under the skin, the more fat it is, the more it is distributed under the skin. This is not so, if so, we would not have our body shape, and most of us would look stupendously dull, if you know what I mean. However, most important of this fact is that it holds the answer to the questions above:

Why is it for those who are overweight, losing weight seems to be the hardest thing?

Why is it for those who are underweight, gaining weight seems to be as hard?

Fats are not merely deposited under the skin surface. Fats are stored inside containers we call ‘adipocytes cell’, which are distributed throughout our body in different density. It means that there are more adipocyte cells in your hips than your arms. These fat containers, once we grow up as adults, are almost never added, except in extreme, and I mean extreme weight gains. So, the more fat there is to be stored, the more these containers expand themselves. In our childhood, however, the case is different. When we were a child, when our mama feed us with all of those delicious foods, extra energy are still stored as fat in these containers. However, different than in adults, once these containers are full, they will divide into two, doubling the number of container. This occurs throughout childhood that when it comes to early adolescent, the number or fat containers determine how much fat can be stored in the body for life!

Hence, for those ‘generating’ many fat containers during childhood (children who are overweight) have the tendency to continue becoming obese in their adult life because there are many fat containers to store fat compared to those children who are not overweight. For children who are underweight, however, will have a hard time gaining weight because there is not much of these fat containers when they reach adolescence. Hence, the only way to gain weight is to fill in these containers, and expand them, which is, logically, harder compared when you already have many fat containers and all you have to do is fill them in.

So, there it is, try to recall, what shape were you in when you were a child? It may be too late for us to change the number of fat containers in our body, but now that you know this, stop your uncles, aunties or anyone you know from overfeeding their child. Tell them it will affect them throughout their life. Get rid of the myth that ‘a fat child is a healthy child’. Well, maybe for the time being, but what about when he or she grows up?

Now there arise another question on why is it, after successfully losing or gaining a few pounds of weight, after a few weeks, we are back at our previous weight? Here I am going to introduce you to a messenger released from fat stored in the containers called ‘leptin hormone’. These messengers are continuously released from the fat containers and enter our blood, eventually arriving at the brain. Here, this messenger leptin will tell the brain to “eat less, eat less!”

Now what happens when we successfully lose a few pounds? The less fat there are in the containers, the less leptin are produced, and hence there are fewer messengers to tell the brain to “eat less!” The brain, now that no one tells him to eat less, will, of course, eat more! We may not be conscious of this, because our brain works in mysterious, unconscious way. It may manifests as the snacks we unconsciously nibble while watching TV (we call this mindless eating), or the ‘little bit’ more portion of rice we scoop into our plates, thinking “Oh, I have lost a few weight, a little more rice now would not hurt”. This happens until we reach our previous weight, which is our ’set point’. This set point is the weight that our body thinks is the ‘normal weight’ although it does not seem normal to you. It is set ever since we became adults. Have you realized that your weight stays the same most of the time ever since you reach adulthood? (But mind you, you will, however slowly gain weight once you start aging. It is because your metabolism decreases, but that is another story)

The same goes for hard-gainers. Once they have successfully gain weight, the more fat there will be in the fat containers, and the more messenger leptin will be produced. Hence, telling the brain to “eat less!”, and the brain follow orders, and you, although unconsciously, obey to the order of leptin too.

Here I will come to a conclusion. You might be disappointed upon reading this post, hoping that I would provide ‘miracle’ scientific knowledge on how to lose or gain weight. I am sorry to tell you that there is none. Naturally, at least. There are many drugs and procedures that can make you lose weight, but I am not going to recommend you any. There are far too much risk in those. So to get your perfect weight, you need to work for it! You need to consciously go against the unconscious orders to eat more. We can control our unconscious by constantly being aware of our actions. After successfully losing a few weight, there is no ‘bonus’ that you are allowed to eat more. Beware of those latent snacks by the TV. Most importantly, go exercise! Everyone understands that the formula for weight loss is ‘energy used is more than energy consumed’, but very few put that in practice. So, go jogging, cycling, swimming, play soccer, anything that uses much energy. It does not have to be boring. Do what you like. If you like basketball, then, play basketball!

For hard gainers, instead of depending on the fat to grow more, you can resort to grow muscles. Muscles are 2 times heavier than fat. Get the myth out of your head that ‘to grow muscles, you need to grow fat first. Because fat is the one that will transformed into muscles’. That is completely misleading! Fat and muscles are completely different type of cells, and you do not need one to grow another. All you need is enough protein, which can be gained by our daily intake of meat, chicken or fish. So go ahead, try weight lifting. Some women out there might be thinking “No way I am going to lift weights and have to bulky bodies which looks like men”. They are mislead by the myth that if women lift weight, their body will become bulky like men. The fact is, no, women would not be bulky like men unless you go for extreme weight lifting, like the ones they used in Olympics. In women, the amount of ‘testosterone hormone’, or the hormone that grows muscle, is much much less. Plus, the shape of the male and female muscle are different, so you would not end up like shaping like men (unless, as I said before, you go for the ‘ala Olympics weight lifting). However, do not forget to put in other exercise such as jogging or cycling in your routine. It helps the heart to function better. Weight lifting does not help much for the heart.

So, there it is, weight loss, weight gain, and the science behind it. For all those struggling to achieve the perfect weight, keep up the good work and never give up! Hope that helps!

Medical scientists are responsible for researching how human diseases will affect human health, using their advanced knowledge of organisms and other infectious agents. They may also diagnose diseases and find treatment options, such as vaccines and drugs in order to correct these ailments.

Medical scientists will frequently study the biological systems of organisms in order to understand why people are beset with disease and other problems with health. A scientist engaged in cancer research may create a combination of drugs which will eliminate many of the side effects of the disease, and they will help attempt to create a cure for the illness.

These professionals do not normally work with patients, although they may collaborate with physicians in order to conduct clinical trials for new medications and treatments. The fastest growing field in medical science involves biotechnology and recombinant DNA, attempting to isolate and sequence human genes in order to determine how specific diseases are caused.

Epidemiology is another large field of work for these individuals, and research epidemiologists will conduct studies in order to discover how to eliminate or contain infectious diseases, such as AIDS or malaria. Most clinical epidemiologists will work with other health agencies around the world such as the Center for Disease Control in order to collaborate with other scientists in order to find a fix for specific illnesses.

Most scientists will work a 40 hour workweek, rare being exposed to any dangerous conditions. Most medical research scientists will work with patients in laboratories or engage in solitary clinical research. Most jobs will require a high level of education in order to gain employment, usually acquiring a doctorate or masters degree.

In 2006, medical scientists had about 92,000 jobs in America, with a third working in higher institutions of learning. Over 50% of epidemiologists are employed by the Federal government, although they are a minority of the medical scientist positions. The job prospects for these individuals are expected to be incredibly competitive, although the rate of job growth over the next 10 years will be quite high.

In 2006, the middle 50th percentile of medical scientists made between $44,830 and $88,130, with the middle 50th percentile of epidemiologists making between $45,220 and $71,080.

Welcome to the final article in this seven part series on Ayurvedic Medicine and the natural botanicals used in this ancient medical science that is becoming increasingly popular in the West. The prior articles have individually focused on the medicinal treatments, such as Turmeric, Ginger, Guggul and Amalaki, and their capacity to treat and prevent diseases. As promised in a past article, I will now devote this final one to a major precept of Ayurveda that may seem foreign to those in the United States who are educated in or treated by Western (Allopathic) Medicine. This precept of Ayurveda is medical synergy.

Before I get into this concept as it applies to medicine, think about this question. You go to your doctor due to an illness of some sort and are hopeful for a treatment, perhaps a cure, which usually comes in the form of a medication. How many of us go to the doctor when we are healthy as a method of preventing illness? Yes, there are guidelines for screening for Cervical, Breast, Colon and Prostate Cancers at varying ages. Yes, there are recommendations for yearly physicals as well. However, these visits are to check for symptoms or signs, to ensure there is nothing wrong. They are generally not focused on how to do things right from a healthy perspective.

Secondly, as we all know from the numerous advertisements, medications have side effects some of which are life-threatening, though most people get lesser ones instead of major ones. This brings me to my second question. When you report such side effects to your doctor, and you should always do this, what is the next step in treatment? The options are few and in my field of Pediatric mental health, like many others in western medicine, a popular option is to give another medication to treat the side effects of the first. This can be effective of course, yet as a physician I am concerned about how the combination of medications may interact. Another common option is to prescribe a second medication to combat the disease itself. However, there is often a scarcity of clinical research studies that support multiple simultaneous medications for treating an illness.

Now, imagine a scientific medical approach that was based upon not only prevention and maintaining a health body and mind, but additionally on combining treatments so that together each of them enhances their individual benefits. This is the concept of synergy and one that has been embraced, researched and employed in Ayurveda for hundreds of years. It is actually standard practice in Ayurveda to treat patients with synergistic natural treatments, such as combining Turmeric with Ginger in order to potentiate their effects. Synergy is a standard in Ayurvedic Medicine and is just one reason western culture is incorporating the tenets of Ayurveda into daily living.

Western medicine has made truly remarkable advances in medical technology and treatment that have allowed people to live longer, healthier lives. Our country is undergoing a medical revolution at this time that will change the way doctors practice and patients are treated. From this revolution will evolve a medical system that combines the wisdom of Eastern Medicine with the advancements in the West, thereby creating a balanced medical approach focusing on prevention. In the future, the terms Eastern, or Ayurvedic Medicine, and Western, or Allopathic Medicine will cease to exist. The new global medical system may be termed Integrative or Holistic Medicine, terms that are familiar today, or perhaps a new name will be given, such as Synergistic Medicine. Whatever we call it, it will undoubtedly contain some of the major concepts covered in this series on Ayurveda, such as adaptogenic medicines that modulate the body’s response to stress. As we in western medicine are now discovering, there is much to gain by studying a medical science that has prospered for millennia and continues to evolve.

To further your knowledge in eastern medicine, or Ayurveda in particular, search this term on the internet and you will find a wealth of resources and practitioners, many of them closer to you than you think. I welcome you to follow the link below as an additional resource.

Nanotechnology : A Boon for Medical Science

As the twenty first century unfolds nano-technology’s impact on the health, wealth
and security of the people and it is expected to be at least as significant as the
combined influences in the century of antibiotics the integrated cricket and human
made polymers. Nanotechnology engineering is a multi-disciplinary engineering field,
which simultaneously draws from and benefits areas such as material science and
engineering, chemistry, physics and biology. Indeed, it is all about generating new
solutions based on atomic- and molecular-scale manipulations.

Nanotechnology most commonly refers to the fabrication, study and manipulation
of structures having sizes in the range from one to one hundred nanometers (a
nanometer is a billionth of a meter). This length scale bridges the important gap
between atoms and molecules (which are less than one nanometer in size) and bulk
materials; requiring fundamental chemistry and quantum physics. Clusters,
fullerenes, nanotubes, macromolecules, nanorobots, and nanosystems, are the
examples of Nano-technology system.

Nanotechnology is an emerging interdisciplinary technology that has been
booming in many areas during the recent decade, including material science,
mechanics, electronics, optics, medicine, plastics, energy electronics and aerospace.
Its profound societal impact has been considered as the huge momentum to usher in a
second industrial revolution.

The “nano” in Nanotechnology comes from the Grek work “nanos” that means
dwarf. Scientists use this prefix to indicate 10-9 or one-billionth. One nanometer is
one-billionth meter that is about 100,00 times smaller than the diameter of a single
human hair. Nano-technology endeavors are aimed at manipulating atoms, molecules
and nano- size particles in a precise and controlled manner in order to build materials
with a fundamentally new organization and novel properties. The embryo of
Nanotechnology is “atomic assembly” which was first publicly articulated in 1959 by

Kirti Vishwakarma et al

physicist Richard Feynman. Nanotechnology is called a “bottom up” technology by
which bulk materials can be built precisely in tiny building blocks, different from the
traditional manufacture; “top down” technology. Therefore, resultant materials have
fewer defects and higher quality.

The fundamentals of Nanotechnology lie in the fact that properties of substances
dramatically change when their size is reduced to the nanometer range. When a bulk
material is divided into small size particles with one or more dimension (length, width
or thickness) in the nanometer range or even smaller, the individual particles exhibit
unexpected properties, different from those of the bulk materials. It is known that
atoms and molecules possess totally different behaviors than those of bulk materials;
while the properties of the former are described by quantum mechanics, the properties
of the latter are governed by classical mechanics.

The field is loosely divided into four subareas: micro and nanoinstruments,
nanoelectronics, nano-biosystems, and nanoengineered materials:

The first addresses some of the most far-reaching yet practical applications of
miniature instruments for measuring atoms or molecules in chemical, clinical, or
biochemical analysis; in biotechnology for agent detection; and environmental
analysis.

The second category, nanoelectronics concerns the development of systems and
materials required for the electronics industry to go beyond current technological
limits – producing even finer details than features in a high-performance
microprocessor chip. Also in this category is a new generation of electronics based on
plastics, which is expected to create new markets with applications ranging from
smart cards to tube-like computers.

The third class, nano-biosystems can be described as molecular manipulation of
biomaterials and the associated miniaturization of analytical devices such as DNA,
peptide, protein, and cell chips.

The last subarea, nanoengineered materials looks at several classes of advanced
materials including nanocrystalline materials and nanopowders used in electronics
and photonics applications, as catalysts in automobiles, in the food and
pharmaceutical industries, as membranes for fuel cells, and for industrial-scale
polymers.

Application of Nanotechnology in Cancer Drug Delivery

Nanomaterials are at the cutting edge of the rapidly developing area of
nanotechnology. The potential for nanoparticles in cancer drug delivery is infinite
with novel new applications constantly being explored. Multifunctional nanoparticles
play a very significant role in cancer drug delivery. [3] In the past, cancer patients were
using various anticancer drugs but these drugs were less successful and had major
side effects. Nanoparticles have attracted the attention of scientists because of their
multifunctional character. The treatments of cancer using targeted drug delivery
nanoparticles are the latest achievement in the medical field.

With more than 10 million new cases every year, cancer has become one of the
most devastating diseases worldwide . In 2000, it has been reported by The World

Nanotechnology : A Boon for Medical Science

Health Organization (WHO), malignant tumors were responsible for 12 per cent of
the nearly 56 million deaths worldwide from all causes. Over 22 million people in the
world were treated for cancer in 2000, representing an increase of approximately 19
per cent in incidence (cases) and 18 per cent in mortality since 1990. In many
countries, more than a quarter of deaths are attributable to cancer. This article focuses
different types of nano particles and the application in treatment of cancer.

Nanoparticles and other nanostructures appear to hold great promise for the future
of cancer treatment. In experimental studies, primarily in animal models,
nanoparticles appear to be able to selectively deliver high concentrations of
antitumour drugs to tumor cells. The high concentrations of toxic agents seem to
persist for long periods within tumor cells and have more potent antitumour effects
and less toxicity than their systematically administered counterparts. Nanoparticles
are much more successful at delivering anticancer agents during drug delivery to
cancer cells or tissues.

One of the main goals of nanomedicine is to create medically useful nanodevices
that can function inside the body. Additionally, nanomedicine will have an impact on
the key challenges in cancer therapy such as localized drug delivery and specific
targeting. Among the recently developed nanomedicine and nanodevices, quantum
dots, nanowires, nanotubes, nanocantilevers, nanopores, nanoshells and nanoparticles
are potentially the most useful for treating different types of cancer.

Nanodevices

“Smart” dynamic nanoplatforms have the potential to change the way cancer is
diagnosed, treated, and prevented.

Nanoscale devices (less than 100 nanometers) can enter cells and the organelles
inside them can interact with DNA and proteins. Tools developed through
nanotechnology may be able to detect disease in a very small amount of cells or
tissue. They may also be able to enter and monitor cells within a living body. In order
to successfully detect cancer at its earliest stages, scientists must be able to detect
molecular changes even when they occur only in a small percentage of cells. This
means the necessary tools must be extremely sensitive.

Nanopores

Another interesting nanodevice is the nanopore. Improved methods of reading the
genetic code will help researchers detect errors in genes that may contribute to cancer.
Scientists believe nanopores, tiny holes that allow DNA to pass through one strand at
a time, will make DNA sequencing more efficient. As DNA passes through a
nanopore, scientists can monitor the shape and electrical properties of each base, or
letter, on the strand. Because these properties are unique for each of the four bases
that make up the genetic code, scientists can use the passage of DNA through a
nanopore to decipher the encoded information, including errors in the code known to
be associated with cancer.

Kirti Vishwakarma et al

Nanotubes

Nanotubes are carbon rods about half the diameter of a molecule of DNA that cannot
only can detect the presence of altered genes but they may help researchers pinpoint
the exact location of those changes. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are remarkable solid
state nanomaterials due to their unique electrical and mechanical properties. The
electronic properties of nanotubes combined with biological molecules such as
proteins could make miniature devices for biological sensing applications.

Nanoshells

Nanoshells are layered colloids with a nonconducting nanoparticle  core covered by
a thin metal shell, whose thickness can be changed to precisely tune the plasmon
resonance.

Quantum Dots

Quantum dots are tiny crystals that glow when stimulated by ultraviolet light. The
wavelength or color of the light depends on the size of the crystal. By combining
different sized quantum dots within a single bead, scientists can create probes that
release distinct colors and intensities of light. When the crystals are stimulated by UV
light, each bead emits light that serves as a sort of spectral bar code, identifying a
particular region of DNA. The diversity of quantum dots will allow scientists to create
many unique labels, which can identify numerous regions of DNA simultaneously.
This will be important in the detection of cancer, which results from the accumulation
of many different changes within a cell. Another advantage of quantum dots is that
they can be used in the body, eliminating the need for biopsy.

Other Practical applications of Nanotechnology

Applications include ultra-fast and high memory capacity computers, highly advanced
communication systems, advanced display technology, advanced biological imaging,
stem-cell engineering, medical diagnostic tools, sensors for airborne pollutants,
energy storage materials, photovoltaic cells fuel cells, polymer nanocomposites,
super-tough nanocoatings, landmine detectors, and thousands more.

Conclusion

Nanotechnology is useful for developing ways to eradicate cancer cells without
harming healthy, neighboring cells. Scientists hope to use nanotechnology to create
therapeutic agents that target specific cells and deliver their toxin in a controlled,
time-released manner. Nanotechnology is definitely a medical boon for diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of cancer disease. It will radically change the way we
diagnose, treat and prevent cancer to help meet the goal of eliminating suffering and
death from cancer. Although most of the technologies described are promising and fit

Nanotechnology : A Boon for Medical Science

well with the current methods of treatment, there are still safety concerns associated
with the introduction of nanoparticles in the human body. These will require further
studies before some of the products can be approved. Nanoteachnology is also
overcoming challenges of early detection and imaging therapies.

Medical scientists are responsible for researching how human diseases will affect human health, using their advanced knowledge of organisms and other infectious agents. They may also diagnose diseases and find treatment options, such as vaccines and drugs in order to correct these ailments.

Medical scientists will frequently study the biological systems of organisms in order to understand why people are beset with disease and other problems with health. A scientist engaged in cancer research may create a combination of drugs which will eliminate many of the side effects of the disease, and they will help attempt to create a cure for the illness.

These professionals do not normally work with patients, although they may collaborate with physicians in order to conduct clinical trials for new medications and treatments. The fastest growing field in medical science involves biotechnology and recombinant DNA, attempting to isolate and sequence human genes in order to determine how specific diseases are caused.

Epidemiology is another large field of work for these individuals, and research epidemiologists will conduct studies in order to discover how to eliminate or contain infectious diseases, such as AIDS or malaria. Most clinical epidemiologists will work with other health agencies around the world such as the Center for Disease Control in order to collaborate with other scientists in order to find a fix for specific illnesses.

Most scientists will work a 40 hour workweek, rare being exposed to any dangerous conditions. Most medical research scientists will work with patients in laboratories or engage in solitary clinical research. Most jobs will require a high level of education in order to gain employment, usually acquiring a doctorate or masters degree.

In 2006, medical scientists had about 92,000 jobs in America, with a third working in higher institutions of learning. Over 50% of epidemiologists are employed by the Federal government, although they are a minority of the medical scientist positions. The job prospects for these individuals are expected to be incredibly competitive, although the rate of job growth over the next 10 years will be quite high.

In 2006, the middle 50th percentile of medical scientists made between $44,830 and $88,130, with the middle 50th percentile of epidemiologists making between $45,220 and $71,080.

The Ministry of Health provides the basic conditions of general hospitals of different levels. The basic conditions of 3-A general hospitals are as follows:

 Beds:
The total number of more than 500 beds.
 Sections settings:
(A) clinical departments: at least with the emergency department, internal department, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, ophthalmology, ENT, dental, dermatology, anesthesiology, epidemiology, prevention and health care subjects, including ophthalmology. ENT can be combined to build stomatology, dermatology can be incorporated into medical or surgical, infectious disease hospital near there, according to the local “medical institution set up planning” from time-based epidemiology;
(B) the medical departments: at least with Pharmacy, testing, radiology, operating rooms, pathology, blood bank (can be co-located with the test subjects), physiotherapy, sterile supply room, medical record room.

 Staff:
(A) Each bed is equipped with at least 1.03 healthy techniques;
(B) Each bed is equipped with at least 0.4 nurse；
(C) The director of a professional departments should have the title of deputy director of the physician or above;
(D) The engineering and technical personnel (technicians, assistant engineers and above) accounted for the proportion of the total number of health and technical workers not less than 1%.
(A) Each bed floor area not less than 60 square meters;
(B) the ward bed net use for each area of not less than 6 square meters;
(C) the daily average for each outpatient clinic visits accounted for less than 4 square meters.

 Equipment:
(A) basic equipment:
ECG, stomach pump, electric aspirator, breathing balloon, gynecological examination bed, washing cars, tracheal intubation, Universal Operating Table,
necessary surgical instruments: centrifuge microscope, mechanical refrigerators, medicine cabinet, X-ray, temperature incubator, autoclave equipment, hot water, distilled water, purification filtration system
(B) bed equipment:
Bed 1 platform bed 1 mattress 1.2 quilt 1.2 mattress 2 sheets 1.2 quilt 2 Pillow 2
Pillow 4 bedside cabinets 1 vacuum bottle 1 Basin 2 spittoon or sputum cup1
(C) Have the corresponding equipment to carry out diagnosis and treatment of the subjects.
 Formulate the rules and regulations, staff of personal responsibility. There are developed and approved health care technology, operational procedures of our country. And the booklet of the hospital must be available.
 Registered funds, the amount of hospitals are confirmed by the health administrative departments of every province, autonomous regions, and municipality.

The Ministry of Health provides the basic conditions of general hospitals of different levels. The basic conditions of 2-A general hospitals are as follows:

 Beds:
The total number of 100-499 beds.
 Sections settings:
(A) clinical departments: at least with the emergency department, internal department, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, ophthalmology, dermatology, anesthesiology, epidemiology, prevention and health care subjects, including ophthalmology, ENT, can be combined to build stomatology, dermatology can be incorporated into medical or surgical.
(B) The medical departments: at least with Pharmacy, testing, radiology, operating rooms, pathology, blood bank (can be co-located with the test subjects), physiotherapy, sterile supply room, medical record room.

 Staff:
(A) Each bed is equipped with at least 0.88 healthy techniques;
(B) Each bed is equipped with at least 0.4 nurse；
(C) At least three deputy chief physician or above.
(D) The specialized branches of at least one physician and a physician or higher titles.

 Housing:
(A) Each bed floor area no less than 45 square meters;
(B) the ward bed net used for each area of not less than 5 square meters;
(C) the daily average for each outpatient clinic visits accounted for less than 3 square meters.

 Equipment:
(A) basic equipment:
Oxygen equipment, breathing machines, electric suction apparatus, automatic gastric lavage machine, ECG machine, defibrillator, ECG monitor, multi-function rescue bed, universal operating table, shadowless lamp, anesthesia machines, endoscopy, gynecological examination bed, washing cars, universal production beds, the delivery process monitors, infant incubator, slit-lamp, dental treatment chairs, turbines, dental drills, silver amalgam mixer, microscopes, refrigerators, incubators, analytical balance, X-ray machine, centrifuge, Potassium, Sodium chloride analyzer, urine analyzer, B Chao, frozen slicing machine, paraffin slicing machine, dressing cabinets, washing machines, equipment cabinets, UV lights, gloves, powder drying on the machines, stills, high-pressure sterilization equipment

(B) bed equipment:
Bed 1 platform bed 1 mattress 1.2 quilt 1.2 mattress 2 sheets 1.2 quilt 2 Pillow 2
Pillow 4 bedside cabinets 1 vacuum bottle 1 Basin 2 spittoon or sputum cup1

(C) Have the corresponding equipment to carry out diagnosis and treatment of the subjects.
 Formulate the rules and regulations, staff of personal responsibility. There are developed and approved health care technology, operational procedures of our country. And the booklet of the hospital must be available.
 Registered funds, the amount of hospitals are confirmed by the health administrative departments of every province, autonomous regions, and municipality.

Emergency doctors are referred particularly to emergency specialists. Our professional society of emergency physicians is managed by the World Emergency Association and the Emergency Association of China. Generally, the emergency department includes intensive care unit (ICU) engaged in emergency, first aid and critical illness care.

Emergency medicine is an emerging discipline developing accompanied by industrialization and urbanization of modern society. It concentrates a large number of modern high-tech medical technologies. There have been an increasing number of medical peers and experts recognize it as a new independent special subject. Its importance has also been fully understood in the society. It becomes a specialist because of its contribution to the medical development and social needs. These two important factors make it become more and more important nowadays. Emergency Medicine has been hailed as a symbol of modern medicine, and emergency physicians are known as the patron saint of human life and health.

Like all professional disciplines, clinical experience and lessons need professionals to analyze and summarize. It is necessary for each discipline. It is the same to emergency medicine, the difference is that the beginning of its establishment, emergency physicians are lack of expertise. But its development is very fast. It belongs to the medical science. As a new component, with the development of medical science, emergency medicine will be rapidly developed inevitably. In addition, it is a discipline to solve acute and critical illness, and to study how to act more rapidly, more efficiently and how to become more organized to save dangerous people. The social needs it for the handling of the “Disaster Medicine”.

Nowadays, many general hospitals and some specialist hospitals in large and medium-sized cities have set up emergency department or emergency room equipped with doctors, nurses and other medical personnel. Emergency Medicine (or Emergency Medical Center) is the largest concentration of patients with severe diseases in a hospital. It is also in charge of the largest rescue and management tasks of most of the sections. All emergency patients admitted to hospital have to pass this special room. Therefore, emergency medicine has been hailed as a symbol of modern medicine, and emergency physicians known as the patron saint of human life and health.

However, a considerable number of hospitals are still focused on solving the administrative problem. The development of emergency medicine is important. It needs training of professionals and establishing and improving emergency medical system and raising the level of emergency medicine. There is no ready-made model. It relies on them to explore and design.

The treatment schedule (combination of compounds, doses, and duration) and the virological follow-up for management of antiviral treatment in patients chronically infected by HCV is now well standardized, but to ensure good monitoring of the treated patients, physicians need rapid, reproducible, and sensitive molecular virological tools with a wide range of detection and quantification of HCV RNA in blood samples. Several assays for detection and/or quantification of HCV RNA are currently commercially available. Here, all these assays are detailed, and a brief description of each step of the assay is provided.

They are divided into two categories by method: those based on signal amplification and those based on target amplification. These two categories are then divided into qualitative, quantitative, and quantitative detection assays. The real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)–based assays are the most promising strategy in the HCV virological area.

HCV is one of the major causes of chronic liver diseases; 170 million people are estimated to be infected by this virus. A prominent characteristic of HCV is its genetic variability, due to the lack of exonuclease activity and a high replication level. These two features have consequences for therapeutic strategy and molecular diagnosis tests, and they form the basis of HCV’s classification into six clades (comprising 11 genotypes and more than 70 subtypes). More than 80% of HCV infections lead to chronic liver disease that may evolve into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Interferon-α was used first to treat HCV infection.

Detection and localization of HCV in liver tissue are vital for diagnostic purposes and clinical management of HCV-infected patients, as well as for the elucidation of viropathological mechanisms. The fragility of HCV RNA and the low levels of viral expression in infected tissues are a constant limitation in molecular assays for HCV characterization. HCV antigen detection, by immunochemistry, in liver biopsies is an attractive option for precise localization and quantification of viral proteins with direct access to histological patterns. We describe here a study using a novel immunohistochemical method effective on fixed, archived specimens, including liver biopsies and surgical resection samples. The initial protocol uses a biotin-detection system but can also be used in a polymer-detection system.

This protocol offers easy, precise, and strong staining resolution with distinct patterns consistent with the liver pathology, irrespective of the viral HCV genotype examined. This approach provides applications for diagnosis as well as for exploratory pathological studies.